J. Martin proposed in Martin, J. 2004. “The Seven Samurai of Systems Engineering: Dealing with the Complexity of 7 Interrelated Systems.” Proceedings of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) International Symposium, 2004, Toulouse, France that there exists seven systems in the design space.

Above figure is from a presentation given by J. Martin.

These are:

• Context System
• Intervening System (“as-designed” system)
• Realization System (e.g. design teams, production systems)
• Deployed System (“as-built” system)
• Collaborating System (e.g. external systems)
• Sustainment System (e.g. maintenance)
• Competing System

Interactions between the systems are

1. Context System contains Problem
2. Intervening System is intended to address Problem
3. Realization System brings Intervening System into being
4. Intervening System is a part of Realization System
5. Realization System needs to understand Context System
6. Realization System needs to understand the Modified Context System
7. Realization System may need to develop or modify the Sustainment System
8. Intervening System becomes Deployed System
9. Context System becomes the Modified Context System
10. Deployed System is contained in Modified Context System
11. Deployed System interacts with one or more Collaborating Systems
12. Deployed System is sustained by Sustainment System
13. Deployed System may cause new Problem
14. Competing System(s) may address the original Problem
15. Competing System(s) compete with Deployed System for resources and for the attention of users and operators

There exists many processes which appear as linear and sequential when in fact many steps occur in parallel an recursively. One of which is SIMILAR

1. State the Problem
2. Investigate Alternatives
3. Model the System
4. Integrate
5. Launch the System
6. Assess Performance
7. Re-evaluate